Researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have found an innovative and sustainable technique to enhance building structures. The new method, which incorporates biochar recycled from saw dust into cement, improves the strength and water tightness of mortar and concrete, and offers an alternative use to the large volume of wood waste that is produced.
Wood waste from furniture factories makes up a huge portion of waste generated in Singapore, for example. In 2016 alone, more than 530,000 tonnes of wood waste were produced, of which, a significant amount was in the form of saw dust. Instead of incinerating or disposing it in landfills, wood waste can be recycled to make biochar, a porous, carbon-rich material that absorbs and retains water well.
Due to its good water absorption and retention properties, biochar is largely employed in the agricultural industry as soil amendment to improve crop yield. Associate Professor Kua Harn Wei, his Ph.D. student Souradeep Gupta, and their team from the Department of Building at NUS School of Design and Environment further expanded the application of biochar, by successfully using biochar recycled from saw dust to significantly improve the mechanical and permeability properties of concrete and mortar.
The improvement in the performance of concrete and mortar is achieved by adding a small amount of dry biochar powder into the concrete or mortar mixture. The added biochar alters the conditions in the mixture and enhances the curing and hardening of the mixture.
In the experiments, the researchers found that improvement in early strength and impermeability of the concrete and mortar mixture can reach up to 20 percent and 50 percent respectively. This can facilitate early removal of formwork, which substantially saves construction time and cost. Furthermore, biochar itself 'locks in' carbon in its structure, which would otherwise be released to the atmosphere by decay or by incineration of biomass. The use of the biochar technology in concrete construction is therefore a novel and innovative way to store carbon in buildings while promoting recycling of wood waste and strengthening building structures.
"This is a simple and affordable strategy to enhance our building structures, particularly in Singapore, where water leakage from rain and water pipes are common problems,” says associate professor Kua Harn Wei.
“At the same time, we are putting the large amount of wood waste generated in Singapore into good use. Close to 50 kilograms of wood waste can be utilised for every tonne of concrete fabricated. We typically require 0.5 cubic metre of concrete for every square metre of floor area built in Singapore. This translates to around six tonnes of wood waste being recycled to build a residential apartment with a floor area of 100 square metres."
The NUS team is currently in discussion with a local firm to explore the commercialisation of this technology, and is also leveraging this technology to develop other high performance cement composites with a wide range of applications.
